There's an interesting assumption here - that you left the relationship in a worse financial situation than your partner because you are a woman. I would argue you left your relationship in a worse financial situation because you were a teacher - that is a different thing.
We should be paying teachers far more than we're paying them, but teaching is not a gendered profession by design (though I think it might be by choice). There is individual agency which needs to be addressed - you and your partner chose different professions and when you separated - this resulted in different earnings and you have placed the blame squarely at the door of patriarchy.
I'd argue that with a degree and more qualified than your partner, the world was your oyster - you could've embarked on a career in FinTech (like my friend Gina) who is now on £120,000 a year with a Credit Card company - but gives her no job satisfaction, or you could've chosen a more public focused job like my friend Chloe, who loves spending time with small humans but who has her earnings capped currently at £34,000.
We can argue there might be reasons why women do not choose those FinTech jobs, but Gina has a vagina and she did. Gina, consistently moving jobs, is on at least £20,000 more than most of her male colleagues and she is very clear as soon as she finds someone in her office on more than her for doing less, will move an seek a higher wage. She earns more than most men I know (I work in a secure hospital with plenty of male nurses for example). If those jobs are available and there are no legal barriers to getting them to prevent you from taking it, then we have equity. Equity is the right to choose.
We can argue there should be greater equity of payment between jobs, and I would do exactly that, because I'm a socialist and because I have to deal with idiots of both sexes paid far more than me on a daily basis - but I think promoting an argument that you and your ex made different informed choices about education, about jobs you pursued and how you chose to allocate your personal resources is wider society's fault is disingenuous.
Had you been in my friend Gina's job and your partner been a teacher, the roles would've been reversed. He may be poor (and have a penis) and you would be rich (and have a vagina) - this demonstrates why I think society is fine. That aside, wealth is only one measure of success and it is not a very good one. I'd still pick my fulfilling (but poorly paid) job over my friend's high-flying job every day of the week. We laugh about it as she buys me lunch. :o)
